The first programmable computer was invented by Konrad Zuse in the 1930s. Zuse developed the Z3, which was the world's first electromechanical and programmable computer, marking a significant milestone in computing history. The Z3 utilized binary arithmetic and was capable of executing complex calculations and tasks based on user-defined programs. This invention laid the groundwork for modern computing and influenced subsequent developments in computer technology, showcasing the potential of programmable machines to enhance productivity and computational capabilities.