The process used to convert human-readable code into machine code is known as compilation. This involves a series of steps performed by a compiler, which translates high-level programming languages (like Java or C++) into low-level machine code that a computer's processor can execute. During compilation, the compiler also performs syntax checking, optimization, and code generation. This transformation is essential because it allows developers to write code in a more understandable and manageable form while ultimately enabling the computer to execute tasks efficiently.