The primary factor contributing to urban heat islands is the alteration of land surfaces due to urbanization, which involves the replacement of natural vegetation with concrete, asphalt, and buildings. These materials absorb and retain heat more efficiently than natural landscapes, resulting in higher temperatures in urban areas compared to their rural counterparts. This phenomenon affects local climates, increases energy consumption for cooling, and exacerbates air pollution. Understanding urban heat islands is crucial for developing strategies to mitigate their impacts, improve urban planning, and enhance public health.