The primary characteristic of the tundra biome is its cold climate and permafrost soil. Tundra regions are typically found in Arctic and subarctic areas, where low temperatures result in a short growing season. Vegetation is limited to low shrubs, mosses, and lichens adapted to harsh conditions. The permafrost layer inhibits root growth and affects water drainage. This biome supports unique wildlife species, including migratory birds, caribou, and arctic foxes, which have adapted to survive in extreme environments. These ecological conditions make the tundra a vital, yet fragile ecosystem.