Human somatic cells contain a total of 23 pairs of chromosomes, making a total of 46 chromosomes. These pairs consist of one chromosome inherited from each parent. Each chromosome contains numerous genes, which are the basic units of heredity that determine inherited traits. The first 22 pairs are known as autosomes, while the 23rd pair consists of sex chromosomes, which determine an individual's biological sex. This chromosomal structure is vital for genetic diversity and the functioning of the human genome.