Different forms of government include monarchies and republics. In a monarchy, a single ruler, often a king or queen, holds significant power, which can be absolute or constitutional. Monarchies are characterized by hereditary succession and may include ceremonial roles in constitutional setups. Conversely, a republic is defined by elected representatives and an emphasis on the rule of law. Other variations include oligarchies, where a small group holds power, and dictatorships, where one leader or party controls governance, often without the consent of the governed.