Political theory addresses concepts of justice and equity by examining the principles that underlie social institutions and governmental structures. Theories such as liberalism, utilitarianism, and social contract focus on how societies define fairness and allocate resources. Justice often involves equitable distribution, protection of rights, and ensuring opportunities for all citizens. Theories may also explore systemic barriers that prevent equity and advocate for reforms to achieve a more just society. Overall, political theory provides frameworks for critiquing and improving governance.