The famous scientist and mathematician known for his laws of motion is Isaac Newton. In the late 17th century, Newton formulated three fundamental laws that described the relationship between an object's motion and the forces acting upon it. His first law, the law of inertia, states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force. The second law relates to the acceleration of an object being proportional to the applied force, and the third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Newton's work laid the groundwork for classical mechanics and significantly advanced the field of physics.