The famous ancient Greek philosopher known for his allegorical cave metaphor is Plato. In his work "The Republic," he depicts a scenario where prisoners are chained inside a cave, only able to see shadows cast on a wall, symbolizing the limited perception of reality. The allegory illustrates the difference between the world of appearances and the deeper understanding of true forms. It emphasizes the philosopher's role in seeking knowledge and enlightenment, ultimately arguing that education is key to leading individuals out of ignorance and into the light of understanding.