The primary economic systems used in the feudal societies of Europe included manorialism and feudalism. Under feudalism, land was held by nobles who offered protection and governance to vassals in exchange for military service. Manorialism focused on the agricultural estates and the relationship between lords and peasants, where serfs worked the land and provided goods and labor in return for protection and sustenance. These systems structured medieval society, creating a hierarchical system that governed political and economic relationships, deeply influencing European history and culture.