The political landscape in Europe leading up to World War II was marked by instability, nationalism, and intense competition among nations. After World War I, the Treaty of Versailles created significant economic and territorial grievances that fueled resentment in countries like Germany, where hyperinflation and political extremism took hold. The rise of totalitarian regimes, such as Hitler's Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy, contributed to aggressive expansionist policies and militarization. Additionally, the failure of the League of Nations to resolve conflicts and prevent aggression fostered an environment of distrust and competition. Tensions escalated through a series of incidents, ultimately culminating in the outbreak of the war in 1939.