The main impact of the Industrial Revolution on urban living conditions was profound and multifaceted. This period, which began in the late 18th century, saw a mass migration of people from rural areas to cities as factories emerged, creating job opportunities. However, rapid urbanization led to overcrowded living conditions, inadequate sanitation, and poor air quality, often resulting in health crises. Many urban dwellers lived in cramped, substandard housing, facing long work hours in factories with minimal labor protections. While the Industrial Revolution spurred economic growth and technological advances, it also highlighted significant social issues, prompting reforms in labor laws, public health, and urban planning in later years.