The historical impact of the Sumerians on civilization is profound, as they are credited with numerous innovations that laid the foundation for future societies. Among their notable contributions were the invention of cuneiform writing, which enabled record-keeping and communication, and advances in irrigation, mathematics, and law. The Sumerians established city-states with intricate governance structures, contributing to the development of organized society. Their religious, literary, and architectural achievements influenced subsequent cultures in Mesopotamia and beyond, establishing Sumer as a crucial point in the evolution of human civilization.