The contribution of the Babylonians to mathematics and astronomy included the development of a sexagesimal (base-60) numeral system and extensive astronomical observations. They introduced concepts such as calculating square roots and solving equations, which were foundational for future mathematics. Babylonian astronomers meticulously recorded celestial phenomena, allowing them to predict lunar and solar eclipses and establish a calendar system. Their work laid the groundwork for later advancements in both fields, influencing civilizations such as the Greeks and further enriching human knowledge throughout antiquity.