The Industrial Revolution transformed urban centers in Europe in several significant ways. Beginning in the late 18th century, it marked a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized, urban living. Factories emerged, drawing rural populations to cities in search of work, resulting in rapid urbanization. While this led to economic growth and technological advancements, it also caused overcrowding, poor living conditions, and environmental degradation. Cities became centers of innovation, culture, and commerce, altering societal structures. The resulting social changes, including class distinctions and labor movements, laid the groundwork for modern urban societies and influenced economic and political developments globally.