The civilization ruled by a pharaoh was Ancient Egypt. The pharaoh was considered both a political leader and a divine figure, central to the worship and societal organization of the civilization. The role of the pharaoh encompassed not just governance but also religious duties, as they were viewed as mediators between the gods and the people. Monumental architecture, such as the pyramids and temples, were built under their reign, reflecting their immense power and the civilization's advancements in engineering and art. This theocratic system persisted for thousands of years, contributing significantly to human history.