The civilization known for its monumental architecture and astronomy is the Maya civilization. Existing from around 2000 BCE to the Spanish conquest in the 16th century, the Maya developed impressive cities such as Tikal and Palenque, characterized by towering pyramids, temples, and palatial structures. Their architectural achievements reflect complex societal structures and are often aligned with celestial bodies, showcasing their advanced understanding of astronomy. The Maya also created an intricate calendar system and engaged in sophisticated agricultural practices, solidifying their status as one of the most prominent and influential cultures in Mesoamerica.