The Rise of Nationalism in the 19th century was primarily caused by a growing sense of identity among various ethnic and cultural groups, spurred by Enlightenment ideals promoting self-determination and collective identity. The impact of the French Revolution showcased the power of national identities, encouraging movements across Europe and beyond. Additionally, the decline of empires, such as the Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian, fueled aspirations for independence and unity among subjected peoples. Nationalism played a key role in fostering state-building, cultural revival, and, at times, conflict during this transformative period.