The rise of liberalism during the 19th century was fueled by a reaction against absolutism and the desire for individual rights, democratic governance, and economic freedom. Influenced by Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Adam Smith, advocates argued for the importance of personal liberties, rule of law, and limited government intervention in economics. The industrial revolution also played a role, as new economic conditions fostered the creation of a middle class that demanded political representation and reforms. Liberalism became a dominant ideology, influencing national policies across Europe and America, ultimately contributing to the advancement of democracy and the welfare state.