The ancient culture known for their achievements in astrology and mathematics is the Babylonians. Flourishing in ancient Mesopotamia, particularly in Babylon, they made significant contributions to these fields around the 2nd millennium BCE. The Babylonians developed one of the earliest forms of written language, enabling them to create complex mathematical systems and astronomical records. They pioneered methods for predicting celestial events, invented the base-60 number system, and significantly influenced later cultures, including the Greeks and the Islamic scholars. Their advancements laid the groundwork for modern mathematics and astronomy.