The ancient culture credited with the development of foundational mathematical principles is Mesopotamia, particularly the Sumerians, who lived in the region around 3000 BCE. They are known for creating one of the earliest forms of writing, cuneiform, and establishing advanced mathematical concepts, including a number system based on 60, which influenced our division of time into hours and minutes. The use of geometry in land measurement and the development of basic algebraic principles were also significant contributions. These mathematical foundations provided the basis for later advancements in various fields, including astronomy, architecture, and trade.