The primary cause of muscle cramps during exercise is often attributed to dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, or overexertion. Insufficient hydration can lead to a decrease in muscle function, while low levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and calcium can disrupt muscle contractions. Additionally, prolonged or intense exercise can cause fatigue in muscles, increasing the likelihood of cramping. Preventing cramps involves maintaining proper hydration, adequate nutrition, and appropriate warm-up and cooldown routines.