Long-term stress adversely affects physical health by triggering the body's fight-or-flight response, leading to prolonged release of cortisol and other stress hormones. This chronic elevation in stress hormones can contribute to various health issues, such as cardiovascular diseases, digestive problems, and a weakened immune system. Furthermore, long-term stress may result in muscle tension, weight gain, and sleep disturbances. Psychologically, stress can also contribute to anxiety and depression, compounding its negative effects on overall well-being.