The mountain ranges known for their high peaks and extensive biodiversity in South America are the Andes Mountains. Stretching over 7,000 kilometers along the western coast, they are the longest mountain range in the world. The Andes host a variety of ecosystems, from tropical rainforests to alpine tundra, contributing to high levels of species endemism. This mountain range is significant for agriculture, mining, and indigenous cultures, playing a crucial role in the social and economic life of South America.