The ancient empire known for its pharaohs is ancient Egypt. This civilization flourished along the Nile River for thousands of years, with its history divided into periods such as the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Pharaohs, considered divine rulers, played a central role in directing religious and political life, overseeing monumental architectural projects like the pyramids and temples. Ancient Egyptians are renowned for their advancements in writing (hieroglyphics), mathematics, and medicine. The civilization's rich cultural legacy, including mythology and art, focuses on the afterlife and deities. The discovery of tombs and artifacts has provided invaluable insight into their society and beliefs.