Chapters of Indian history particularly important for the UPSC exam include the Freedom Struggle, Independence Movement, and post-independence socio-economic developments. Familiarity with key figures, events, and policies during these periods is crucial, as they significantly shape contemporary India. The Mughal Empire, British colonial influence, and the Constitution's formation also feature prominently. Additionally, the impact of regional movements and cultural developments enriches understanding. Aspirants should focus on connecting historical trends with current affairs, as this integration often forms the basis of many examination questions.