For the UPSC social issues segment, research methods include qualitative and quantitative analysis, case studies, and literature reviews. Candidates should study policies, demographic trends, and social movements to gather a comprehensive understanding of contemporary social challenges. Engaging with both primary sources, like field surveys, and secondary sources, such as academic publications, is essential for informed analysis. Furthermore, participating in discussions and debates enables candidates to refine their viewpoints, helping them articulate nuanced arguments during the examination based on sound research practices.