The major topics covered under the Indian economy in the UPSC syllabus include economic development, poverty, employment, agriculture, infrastructure, and financial markets. There's a focus on understanding the role of the Reserve Bank of India and the key fiscal policies shaping the economy. Candidates also need to grasp concepts around planning, the impact of globalization, and current economic challenges. Moreover, the syllabus emphasizes developmental issues such as inequality and sustainability, encouraging aspirants to approach economic topics with a holistic perspective.