Generally covered essay topics in the UPSC Mains Examination include a mix of contemporary issues, ethical dilemmas, and reflections on societal values. Common themes might include climate change, gender equality, digital transformation, and national unity. Aspirants may also encounter subjects that call for personal reflections or opinions on significant policies or events. The goal is to evaluate not only the candidates' writing abilities but also their capacity to think critically and engage with relevant issues impacting India and the world.