Cognitive techniques to enhance memory retention for UPSC include the use of mnemonic devices, visualization strategies, and spaced repetition. Mnemonics aid in recalling complex information by associating it with simpler, memorable cues. Visualization helps create mental images associated with concepts, enhancing recall during exams. Spaced repetition involves reviewing material over increasing intervals, which consolidates knowledge and combats forgetting. Engaging in active recall—testing oneself on the material—also strengthens memory pathways. Incorporating these techniques leads to more effective retention of vast amounts of information required for UPSC preparation.