Key components of the Indian Constitution relevant to UPSC include fundamental rights, duties, and the structure of governance at central, state, and local levels. Understanding the separation of powers, parliamentary system, and the role of the judiciary is crucial. Additionally, candidates should be familiar with amendments, important legislation, and landmark judgments that illustrate constitutional provisions in action. The Constitution's federal structure and provisions for social justice reflect India's diverse society and are essential for effective governance, making them critical topics for UPSC contenders.