The critical topics covered in the General Studies Paper II of the Mains include Indian polity, political system, governance, and international relations. This paper assesses a candidate's understanding of the Indian Constitution, its fundamental rights, and the roles of various governmental institutions. Topics related to public administration, welfare schemes, and active citizenship are also integral. Moreover, the paper evaluates candidates on their knowledge about current affairs relating to politics and governance, ensuring that aspirants are well-prepared for the dynamic needs of civil services.