The prominent historian born in 1954 known for their critical examination of ancient civilizations is David Graeber. An anthropologist and activist, Graeber's work often challenged conventional narratives regarding economics and society. His books, including "Debt: The First 5,000 Years," explore the history of debt and its implications for human relationships and economic systems. Graeber's interdisciplinary approach, merging history, anthropology, and political critique, has had a substantial impact on contemporary thought regarding historical understanding and social justice. He was also a key figure in the Occupy Wall Street movement, advocating for economic reform and social equity.