Frederick Banting was the scientist who made groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of insulin. His research in the early 20th century led to the discovery and isolation of insulin, transforming the treatment of diabetes. Banting, alongside his colleague Charles Best, conducted experiments that demonstrated insulin's efficacy in regulating blood sugar levels. This discovery has saved countless lives and revolutionized diabetes management. Banting's work earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1923, solidifying his legacy in medical history.