The Nobel Prize-winning scientist known for her research on radioactivity is Marie Curie. She was born in 1867 and made groundbreaking contributions to the understanding of radioactivity, a term she coined. Curie's work led to the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. Her pioneering research advanced the field of nuclear physics and laid the foundation for medical applications of radiation. As the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win in two different scientific fields, Curie remains an inspiring figure in science and women's history.